World Parkinson`s Disease Day: Causes, symptoms, and need for early detection

Every year, World Parkinson’s Disease Day is observed on April 11 around the globe to raise awareness about the progressive neurological disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. 

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) impacts movement, and while it mostly affects individuals over 60, early-onset cases can occur too but what are the causes, symptoms and the importance of timely detection?

Causes
Parkinson’s Disease is caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in a specific area of the brain called the Substantia Nigra. So, dopamine is a chemical messenger that helps control movement and coordination. When dopamine levels drop, it leads to symptoms that affect the body’s ability to move smoothly and efficiently.

Symptoms 
Dr Upasana Garg, regional technical chief, Apollo Diagnostics Mumbai, says, “The symptoms for Parkinson`s early on may be mistaken for normal aging or other conditions. However, one has to be aware of the signs and symptoms such as tremors that are slight shaking, often in the hands or fingers while at rest, slowed movement interfering with one’s daily routine, stiffness in the arms or legs, limiting range of motion, inability to balance and poor posture causing falls, changes in the handwriting and slurred speech. Not every individual will experience the same symptoms. It is imperative to seek timely attention after noticing the symptoms.

The exact cause of Parkinson’s is still unclear. However, according to various studies, a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to the disease. Exposure to certain toxins, head injuries, and a family history of Parkinson’s may increase the risk. Ageing is also one of the risk factors for Parkinson’s.

Early detection
Dr Garg adds, “Early diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease allows for timely intervention with medications, lifestyle changes, and therapies that can ease symptoms and enhance quality of life. A neurological exam of the patient, medical history, DaTscan (dopamine transporter scan), or MRI can help with the diagnosis. Timely diagnosis is key to managing this disease. Parkinson’s disease has no cure, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms for successful patient outcomes. This includes medications, physical therapy, and even deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery to improve motor control. The doctor will decide the line of treatment for you.”

Dr Vishwanathan Iyer, neurosurgeon, Zynova Shalby Hospital in Mumbai concludes, “Since Parkinson’s Disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects each individual differently, recognising the early signs like tremors, and stiffness can lead to timely management of the disease. While there`s no cure, today’s treatment options, from medications to therapies, help patients maintain independence longer. Public awareness is key in helping families seek help early and manage the condition with expert advice.”